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A Biography of Indian Yellow EssayIndian Yellow is a raw pigment which, as the name suggests, originated in India in the 17th coke and was apply until the early 20th century. Its source remained a mystery for many years. In 1786 the amateur painter, Roger Dewhurst recorded in letters to friends, that Indian yellow was an organic substance made from the urine of animals fed on turmeric (Myers, pg 1). Around this time, the English chemist George Field claimed it was made from camel urine.In 1839, J.F.L. Merimee, denied its connective with urine in spite of its odor, citing its origin was a shrub called memecylon tinctorium in his book The Art of Painting in Oil and Fresco, In 1886 the daybook of the federation of Arts in London began a systematic inquiry of the pigment, revealing that Indian yellow was manufactured in rural India (in particular in Monghyr, a city in Bengal) from the urine of cattle fed only on mango leaves and water (Finlay, pg 216-217). The collected urine was h eated in swan to precipitate the yellow matter, then strained, pressed into lumps by hand and dried, producing foul-smelling hard yellow balls of raw pigment, called purree (Mukharji, pg 16-17). European importers would then wash and purify the balls, separating gullible and yellow phases.It is the mango not the urine thats crucial to the color. The colorant is a magnesium saltiness of an organic acid released by the mango. Chemically it is magnesium euxanthate, the magnesium salt of euxanthic acid.See more My Writing Process EssayNaturally, the cows that were exploited by this process were extremely undernourished. In part because mango leaves did not append the cattle with sufficient nutrients along with the fact that these leaves contain the toxin urushiol, also found in poison ivy. In 1908, British law (which applied to colonized India) prohibit the production of Indian yellow, citing the torture of sacred animals. The pigment is believed to have low gear been used in Euro pe by Dutch artists in the 17th century (the Dutch having extensive trading links with India by then) and by the end of the 18th century across Europe in watercolor and oil painting. For the first years of its introduction in the European market, this pigment was simply named after its country of origin, Pure of India(Finlay, pg 209-211). This was further simplified to jaune indien (French), giallo indiano (Italian), Indischgelb (German) or Indian Yellow when translated into some other languages (Myers, pg 1).Deep, clear and luminescent, it was favored for its great body and depth of tone. It had a peculiar characteristic in its watercolor form of fading in artificial glister and in the dark but being fairly stable in direct sunlight. In its oil form, it requires one hundred percent for grinding, dries slowly, and the addition of varnish improves its drying, in fact its lightfastness is also improved when it is isolated between layers of varnish.Dutch and Flemish painters of the 1 7th and 18th centuries favored it for its translucent qualities often using it to epitomize sunlight. Beautiful as the color is, the pigment was said to be foul-smelling in its raw form. In the novel Girl With the Pearl Earring Vermeers patron remarks that Vermeer used cow piss to paint his wife, the pigment referred to was Indian Yellow. By the early twentieth century the pigment was no longer available, although its modern substitutes are whitewash sold under the name Indian yellow.Bibliography1. Baer, N.S., Indian Yellow in Artists Pigments, a Handbook of Their History and Characteristics, Volume 1, R.L. Feller, Editor, Oxford University Press, New York (1986) 2. Finlay, Victoria, Color A innate(p) History of the Palette (2003 edition), Random House 3. Merimee, M.J.F.L., The Art of Painting in Oil and Fresco (2009 edition), Kessinger Publishing4. Mukharji, T.N., Piuri or Indian Yellow, Journal of the Society of Arts (1883-84) 5. Myers, David, Indian Yellow, The Art Blog of Dav id Myers (February 1, 2011) http//toxicgraphix.blogspot.com/2011/02/indian-yellow.html6. Indian Yellow, Pigments Through the Ages, webexhibits.orghttp//www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/history/indianyellow.html